All the above is more than a gallery of obsolete technology. And as always, obsolete systems can be substantially improved with today’s technology and materials. In 1942, Siemens Brothers of New Charlton, London, in conjunction with the United Kingdom National Physical Laboratory, adapted submarine communications cable technology to create the world's first submarine oil pipeline in Operation Pluto during World War II. Since power lines are designed for long-term use, Kelvin's law is used in conjunction with long-term estimates of the price of copper and aluminum as well as interest rates. They were built by the utility company that had built the power plant, and as the grid grew, local lines were connected to other utilties' power lines to be available in case of emergencies. Details often varied from manufacturer to manufacturer, and because Western Electric had a practical monopoly on the manufacturing of telephone instruments for many decades, it's pretty much the case that the "standards" for telephone lines in the US were "whatever Western Electric did," which varied over time. I'll mostly ignore this, but know that some of the parts of the telephone switch may actually be in a curb cabinet in your case.

One of the huge electric industry conglomerates, American Electric Power, is an instructive case in point. Like transmission, subtransmission moves relatively large amounts of power, and like distribution, subtransmission covers an area instead of just point-to-point. Reliability was improved and capital costs were reduced, because stand-by generating capacity could be shared over many more customers and a wider area. Over the ensuing 30 years, the company began electric, gas, water, steam, transit, and even ice services, in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois. Merchant transmission projects in the United States include the Cross Sound Cable from Shoreham, New York to New Haven, Connecticut, Neptune RTS Transmission Line from Sayreville, New Jersey, to New Bridge, New York, and Path 15 in California. A week-long blackout in New York City, calls for "voluntary" conservation, the shutting off of power to large industrial enterprises, and lowering of voltages across the nation, were all evidence of the wreckage that has been made of this most critical infrastructure. On Dec. 20, 1906, a certificate of incorporation was filed in Albany, New York for the American Gas and Electric Company. To move a barge of a certain tonnage at low speeds, an electric mule (or any of the other systems described) needs an engine at least 4 times less powerful than when this engine would be placed on the boat itself, propelling a screw (source).

Single-wire earth return (SWER) or single-wire ground return is a single-wire transmission line for supplying single-phase electrical power to remote areas at low cost. Because of the very low energy requirements, the investment in renewable energy would be relatively small (contrary to, for instance, the plans to charge electric cars using solar panels). After the mid-1970s Middle East War and orchestrated "oil crisis," which quadrupled prices, the Carter Administration proposed, and Congress passed, the 1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act, which promoted "conservation," and poured billions of wasted Federal dollars into the development of small non-utility power generators, using "non-traditional" sources of power, such as biofuels, solar, and wind energy. Nevertheless, the energy of the three valence quarks "inside" of a proton is only a small fraction of the mass of the proton. In 1992, the National Energy Policy Act created another class of non-regulated electricity producers, known as exempt wholesale generators. This insane turning back the clock to pre-industrial 19th Century methods was reinforced by attacks on nuclear power, reversing the policy of massive additions of new nuclear plants then underway. After decades of heavy investment in already developed markets such as the transatlantic and transpacific routes, efforts increased in the 21st century to expand the submarine cable network to serve the developing world.

This Summer, three decades of underinvestment and looting of the U.S. These are not public works like the Panama Canal which would take decades and require thousands of workers (or energy-guzzling machines) to build. Canal transport is already one of the most energy-efficient ways to transport goods. Physically, an electrical cable is an assembly consisting of one or more conductors with their own insulations and optional screens, individual coverings, assembly protection and protective covering. At the local headend, the feed signals from the individual television channels are received by dish antennas from communication satellites. Traditional cable television providers and traditional telecommunication companies increasingly compete in providing voice, video and data services to residences. Analog television sets are accommodated, their tuners mostly obsolete and dependent entirely on the set-top box. However, especially interesting are those systems in which traction happens on land instead of in the water (all systems excluding a propeller), because they are extremely energy-efficient.

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